Tree Tobacco, Nicotiana glauca

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Tree Tobacco, Nicotiana glauca

When we moved house we held a moving in party of sorts, a day in the garden when friends could drop by and see us. Several friends brought gifts, but the biggest and most impressive after two years is a Tree Tobacco plant, Nicotiana glauca, from our friends Mark and Charlotte.

It is a monster of a plant, a big, amiable thug that towers above the fence at the bottom of the garden. It has thick, rubbery blue-green leaves (hence the name glauca) up to 20cm long and it grows as a large, bush, up to about nine feet (2.7 metres) tall. The tubular, yellow flowers are about 5 cm long and 1 cm wide.

Tree tobacco is related to the cultivated tobacco used in cigarettes (Nicotiana tabacum) but differs in several ways: tree tobacco is a perennial, it isn’t hairy or sticky and its leaves are attached to the stalk by petioles. It is a member of the family Solanaceae, which includes some of my favourite plants – some of which I’ve already written about, such as Sticky Nightshade and Henbane.

Nicotiana glauca comes from South America and is an invasive weed in several parts of the world. It has been naturalised in Europe, Africa, temperate Asia, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Mexico and Macaronesia. In colder climates it can be grown like a hardy perennial, with its top growth dying back in the winter and new growth starting from the base. Here in Norfolk, the last two winters have been quite mild, so apart from some very slight frost damage, our specimen has not been kept in check. Our sandy soil and the sheltered spot in which it is growing will have helped it to thrive. Our plant has a tendency to lean forward so last autumn I cut back one of the shoots, which has tidied the plant up a bit.

The only disappointment is that insects don’t seem to like the flowers. According to the paper ‘Pollination ecology of the invasive tree tobacco Nicotiana glauca: comparisons across native and non-native ranges’ (Ollerton, Watts et. al., Journal of Pollination Ecology, Vol. 12, 2009), the plant is pollinated by hummingbirds in California and sunbirds in South Africa and Israel, where it sets seed by both out-crossing and selfing. But in areas where there are no such birds, such as the Canary Islands and Greece (and Norfolk), the plant still sets lots of viable seed by self-pollination.

Last year I took cuttings from our plant and this year I have raised some plants from seed. So if you want a monster of your own you know where to come.

All parts of Nicotiana glauca are poisonous. In Israel, a 73-year-old French tourist died after cooking the leaves and her 18-year-old grandson suffered slight poisoning. In California cattle suffered poisoning after grazing on the plant. However, ‘Floating Tuxedo’ has documented his experiences of smoking tree tobacco and reports that the dried leaves “smelled like oregano, and people at the Barnes and Noble bookstore cafe gave me funny looks as I rolled it.” The Cahuilla Indians in California used the leaves interchangeably with other tobacco species in hunting rituals and as a poultice to treat swellings, bruises, cuts, wounds, boils, sores, inflamed throat, and swollen glands.

Nicotiana glauca contains two poisonous alkaloids: nicotine and anabasine. (The two compounds are isomers of each other.)

If you want to grow your own tree tobacco, there is more information on the Hardy Tropicals UK and, for the United States, the Daves Garden websites.

Tree Tobacco, Nicotiana glauca

Fox-and-cubs, Pilosella aurantiaca

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Fox-and-cubs

Fox-and-Cubs (Pilosella aurantiaca) has started flowering at the end of our garden. It’s a cheery, cheeky sort of plant, which makes me smile when I see it.

Also known as Orange Hawkweed, Fox-and-Cubs is a perennial which spreads both by seed and stoloniferous runners. Its leaves grow in rosettes low to the ground, so it can survive – and indeed thrives – in mown grassland, such as road verges and churchyards. It is a neophyte which was introduced into UK gardens in the 1620s and had escaped into the wild by the late eighteenth century. It is now found through much of the British Isles. It makes a good garden plant, though only for tolerant gardeners, as it will seed itself into bare soil.

Fox-and-Cubs is a member of the daisy family, Asteraceae. Its leaves and stems are covered in dark hairs. Each of its flowerheads is made up of many orange ray florets. Its orange flowers mark it out as something a bit special – most of its relatives (such as Bristly Ox-tongue, Cat’s-ear and Dandelion) have yellow flowers.

The name Fox-and-Cubs (sometimes written without the hyphens) refers to the way that the unopened flower buds hide beneath those that have opened. The herbalist and botanist John Gerard called the plant Grim-the-Collier (Grimme the Collier), possibly because its hairs resemble coal dust on a miner’s beard. Other names include Devil’s Paintbrush, Orange Hawkbit and Tawny Hawkbit. (Hawks were thought to have eaten the flowers.) The plant’s scientific name is more matter of fact: Pilosella means ‘with small white hairs’ and aurantiaca means ‘orange’.

My photograph doesn’t really do this plant full justice. Fortunately there are some lovely photographs of Fox-and-Cubs on the Wild Flower Finder and Naturespot websites.

Coincidentally, there is a foxes’ den next door and for the last month we have enjoyed watching real foxes and cubs playing at dusk.

fox and cub

Snowy Woodrush, Luzula nivea

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Snowy Woodrush, Luzula nivea

Snowy Woodrush, Luzula nivea

Two years ago I bought a couple of small Snowy Woodrush (Luzula nivea) plants from a lady who was selling plants outside one of our local charity shops.

I first grew Luzula nivea in the garden at the Belvedere Centre in Norwich, where it did very well in dappled shade in heavy clay soil. I wasn’t sure how well the plants would do in our very light sandy loam, but I needn’t have worried. They have done extremely well and have produced several seedlings, which I have potted up for sale at my wife’s Open Studios opening.

Luzula nivea is a native of southwestern and central Europe. It will grow in a range of soil types and from sun to quite deep shade, though it is happiest in semi-shade. It is an evergreen perennial, reaching 60cm (2 feet) tall and providing dense ground cover as it gradually spreads outwards. On light soil it is a good idea to add compost to improve the soil structure and retain moisture, before planting.

The leaves are quite attractive, covered in tiny white hairs to give the plant its white or ‘snowy’ appearance. In late spring (May – June here in Norfolk) it has spikes of white flowers. (The name nivea means ‘white’.) The flowers are very attractive for about a month, then they start growing brown. At this point the spikes can be cut off down to the base, to tidy up the plant, though if you want seedlings you’ll need to leave a few on the plant. Otherwise the plant needs little or no maintenance. The flowers last well in water and can be dried as well.

As you can see from the photograph above, my Snowy Woodrushes are planted next to a perennial wallflower, Erysimum ‘Bowles’ Mauve’, which will provide interest after the woodrushes’ white flowers have gone.